四川省人民代表大会常务委员会关于设立四川省绵阳市高新技术产业开发区人民法院的决定

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海关总署


中华人民共和国海关总署关于外国驻中国使馆和使馆人员进出境物品的规定(附英文)

（一九八六年十月三十一日国务院批准）

第一条 根据《中华人民共和国外交特权与豁免条例》，制定本规定。
第二条 外国驻中国使馆（以下简称使馆）运进运出公务用品，使馆人员运进运出自用物品，除有双边协议按协议执行外，应当按照本规定办理。前款中，“公务用品”系指使馆执行职务直接需用的物品，包括家具、陈设品、办公用品、招待用品和机动车辆等；“自用物品”系指使馆人员和与其共同生活的配偶及未成年子女在中国居留期间直接需用的生活用品，包括家具、家用电器和机动车辆等。
第三条 使馆运进运出公务用品，外交代表以托运或者邮寄方式运进运出自用物品，应当书面向海关申报。外交代表进出境时有随身携带的或者附载于同一运输工具上的私人行李物品，应当口头向海关申报，海关予以免验放行。但具有重大理由推定其中装有非公务用品、非自用物品，或者装有中国法律和规章禁止进出口的物品时，海关有权查验。查验时，必须有外交代表或者其授权人员在场。
第四条 使馆申报运进的公务用品和外交代表申报运进的自用物品，经海关审核在直接需用数量范围内的，予以免税。申报运出公务用品和自用物品，由海关审核后予以放行。
第五条 使馆和使馆人员不得携运中华人民共和国法律和规章禁止进出口的物品进出境。因特殊情况需要运进运出上述物品，必须事先得到中国政府有关部门的批准，并按中国政府有关规定办理。运进无线电收发信机及其器材，必须事先以书面申请报经中国外交部批准。使馆和使馆人员应当向海关申报并提供有关批准文件，海关予以审核放行。携运文物出境，必须事先向海关申报，经国家文化行政管理部门指定的省、自治区、直辖市文化行政管理部门鉴定，并发给许可出境凭证。使馆和使馆人员应当向海关提供有关凭证，海关予以审核放行。携运枪支、子弹进出境，按照《中华人民共和国枪支管理办法》的规定办理。携运属于中国检疫法规规定管制的物品进出境，海关按有关法规办理。
第六条 使馆和使馆人员申报属于中国法律和规章禁止进出口的物品，除经中国政府有关部门批准的以外，海关予以扣留，有关使馆或者使馆人员应当在九十天内退运。逾期未退运的，由海关变价上缴国库。
第七条 使馆和使馆人员免税运进的物品，不得转让。确有特殊原因需要转让的，必须报经海关批准。经批准转让的物品，应当由受让人或者出让人按规定向海关办理纳税或者免税手续。
第八条 使馆发送或者收受的外交邮袋，海关予以免验放行。外交邮袋应予加封，附有可资识别的外部标记，并以装载外交文件或者公务用品为限。外交邮袋由外交信使转递时，必须持有派遣国主管机关出具的信使证明书。商业飞机机长可以受委托为使馆转递外交邮袋，但机长必须持有委托国的官方证明文件（注明邮袋件数）。由商业飞机机长转递或者托运的外交邮袋，应当由使馆派使馆人员办理接交、提取或者发运手续。
第九条 使馆的行政技术人员和服务人员，如非中国公民或者在中国的永久居留者，携运进境自用物品，包括到任后半年内运进安家物品，应当书面向海关申报。上述物品经海关审核在直接需用数量范围内（其中汽车每户限一辆）的，海关予以查验免税放行。申报携运出境的自用物品，海关予以审核查验放行。前款所述人员寄进或者寄出的个人自用物品，海关按照个人邮递物品的有关规定办理。本条第一款所述人员任职期间托运进境的自用物品，海关比照本条第二款办理。
第十条 联合国及其专门机构和其他国际组织驻中国代表机构运进运出公务用品和邮袋，代表机构的代表、行政技术人员、服务人员和与其共同生活的配偶及未成年子女运进运出自用物品，海关根据中国已加入的有关国际公约和中国与有关国际组织签订的协议办理；遇有公约和协议未涉及的情况，参照本规定有关条款办理。
第十一条 外国驻中国领事馆运进运出公务用品和领事邮袋，领事官员、领馆工作人员和与其共同生活的配偶及未成年子女运进运出自用物品，海关根据中国已加入的有关国际公约和中国与有关国家签订的协议办理；遇有公约和协议未涉及的情况，根据互惠的原则，参照本规定有关条款办理。
第十二条 本规定自发布之日起施行。(附英文)

PROVISIONS OF THE GENERAL CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION OF THE PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE IMPORT AND EXPORT OFARTICLES BY FOREIGN DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND THEIR PERSONNEL IN CHINA

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE GENERAL CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION OF THE PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE IMPORT AND EXPORT OF
ARTICLES BY FOREIGN DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND THEIR PERSONNEL IN CHINA
(Approved by the State Council on October 31, 1986 and promulgated
by the General Customs Administration on December 1, 1986)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated in accordance with Regulations of the
People's Republic of China Concerning Diplomatic Privileges and
Immunities.
Article 2
Cases concerning the import and export of articles for official use by a
foreign diplomatic mission in China (hereinafter referred to as "the
mission"), or the import and export of articles for personal use by the
personnel of a foreign diplomatic mission, shall comply with these
Provisions, unless a bilateral agreement, which shall be complied with
instead, exists.
In the preceding paragraph, "articles for official use" refers to articles
directly needed by a foreign mission in the performance of its functions,
which include furniture, decorative articles, office equipment, supplies
for reception of guests, and motor vehicles; "articles for personal use"
refers to articles directly needed for daily use, during their stay in
China, by mission personnel and their spouses and minor children living
with them, which include furniture, household electrical appliances, and
motor vehicles.
Article 3
The import and export of articles for official use by the mission, and the
import and export of articles for personal use by diplomatic agents
through consignment shipping or by post, shall all be declared to the
Customs.
Diplomatic agents entering or leaving the country shall declare orally to
the Customs their accompanied personal effects, or their personal luggage
transported separately in the same vehicle of transport, and the Customs
shall give clearance without inspection. In case there are serious
grounds for presuming that the luggage contains articles not for official
use or articles not for personal use, or the luggage contains articles
forbidden to be brought into or out of the country by the Chinese laws and
regulations, the Customs shall have the right to inspect the luggage. Such
inspection shall be conducted only in the presence of the diplomatic agent
concerned, or of his authorized representative.
Article 4
Articles for official use declared for import by the mission, or articles
for personal use declared for import by a diplomatic agent, shall be
exempt from Customs duties after they have been examined by the Customs
and found to be within the reasonable quantities for direct use.
Articles for official use and for personal use, declared at the Customs
for export, shall be given clearance after being examined and verified by
the Customs.
Article 5
The mission and its personnel may not carry into or out of the country
articles whose import and export are forbidden by the laws and regulations
of the People's Republic of China. If the aforesaid articles need to be
imported or exported for special reasons, a prior permission must be
obtained from the authorities concerned of the Chinese Government, and the
matter shall be handled in accordance with the pertinent provisions
prescribed by the Chinese government.
For the import of radio transmitters and receivers with their accessories,
a written application must be submitted in advance to the Chinese Ministry
of Foreign Affairs for approval. The mission and its personnel shall
declare at the Customs and present the relevant approval documents, and
the Customs shall give clearance after examination and verification.
To take cultural relics out of the country, a declaration must be made in
advance with the Customs; and the relics shall be appraised by the
cultural and administrative departments of the provinces, autonomous
regions, or municipalities directly under the Central Government, as
designated by the State cultural and administrative department, and an
export certificate shall be issued. The mission and its personnel shall
present the relevant certification to the Customs, and the Customs shall
give clearance after examination and verification.
The carrying into or out of China of firearms and ammunition shall be
handled in accordance with the provisions of Measures of the People's
Republic of China for the Control of Firearms.
The import or export of articles that is controlled by China's quarantine
laws and regulations shall be handled by the Customs in accordance with
the pertinent laws and regulations.
Article 6
In the case where the articles, declared by the mission and its personnel,
belong to the categories of articles forbidden by China's laws and
regulations to be imported or exported, these articles, unless their
import or export has been approved by China's competent authorities, shall
be detained by the Customs; the detained articles shall be withdrawn from
import or export by the mission or its mission personnel concerned within
90 days. If these articles are not withdrawn within the said time limit,
they shall be appraised at the current rate and turned over by the Customs
to the State treasury.
Article 7
Articles imported duty-free by the mission and its personnel shall not be
transferred. Should the aforesaid articles need to be transferred for a
special reason, permission must be obtained from the Customs.
With respect to articles transferred with permission, the transferee or
the transferor shall go through the procedures with the Customs, in
accordance with pertinent provisions, for the payment of or the exemption
from duties.
Article 8
Diplomatic bags delivered by or sent to the mission shall be given
clearance without inspection by the Customs. Diplomatic bags shall be
sealed with an identifiable external mark; such bags may contain
diplomatic papers and articles for official use only. Diplomatic couriers
shall be provided with courier certificates issued by the competent
authorities of the despatching country when they carry diplomatic bags.
The captain of a commercial aircraft may be entrusted to carry diplomatic
bags. He shall be provided with an official certifying document issued by
the consigner state, indicating the number of packages. With respect to
the diplomatic bags delivered by, or through consignment transport by the
captain of a commercial aircraft, the mission concerned shall send its
personnel to go through the procedures for the handling over, taking
possession of or delivery of the said diplomatic bags.
Article 9
The members of administrative, technical or service staff of the mission
who are not Chinese citizens, or persons permanently resident in China,
shall submit a written declaration to the Customs when they bring into the
country personal effects, including articles intended for their
establishment imported within 6 months of the time of their installation
in China. Where the aforesaid articles are within reasonable quantities
for direct use (as for cars, one for each household), the Customs shall
give clearance duty-free after examination and verification.
In case personal effects are sent into or out of the country by post by
the personnel mentioned in the preceding paragraph; the Customs shall
handle the case in accordance with the provisions concerning the personal
articles sent by post.
In case personal effects are brought into the country by consignment
shipping by the personnel mentioned in the first paragraph of this Article
during their term of office, the Customs shall handle the case by applying
mutatis mutandis the second paragraph of this Article.
Article 10
In case articles or pouches for official use are brought into or out of
the country by the representative offices of the United Nations or its
specialized agencies, or of other international organizations, in China,
as well as articles for personal use which are brought into or out of the
country by the representatives, the members of the administrative,
technical or service staff of the said representative offices and their
spouses and minor children living with them, the Customs shall handle them
in accordance with the relevant international conventions to which China
is a party, and also with the agreements signed between China and the
international organizations concerned; for cases which are not regulated
by the aforesaid conventions or agreements, the Customs shall handle them
with reference to relevant articles of these Provisions.
Article 11
In case articles for official use and consular bags are brought into or
out of the country by foreign consular posts in China, and articles for
personal use brought into or out of the country by consular officers,
other members of the consular posts, or their spouses and minor children
living with them, the Customs shall handle them in accordance with the
relevant international conventions to which China is a party, and also
with the agreements signed between China and the countries concerned; for
the cases which are not regulated by the aforesaid conventions or
agreements, the Customs shall handle them in accordance with the principle
of reciprocity and with reference to the relevant Articles of these
Provisions.
Article 12
These Provisions shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.


从公正视角看我国现行行政复议体制

向品 提要：人类具有天然的公正情感，当人类选择了法律作为解决双方争议的一种手段时，程序的公正性成了人们关注的一个焦点。程序公正的第一要义是，程序的操纵者与程序的结果应当没有任何利害关系。美国为了通过《联邦行政程序法》保证了听证官的公正裁判。我国司法实践让人们对现行复议制度的公正性产生怀疑。因此，必须对复议体制重新建构，本文针对该话题提出了自己的看法。
关键词：公正 行政复议 行政复议委员会
一、 行政复议的价值——公正
行政复议制度是近代资产阶级民主政治发展的产物。它的出现和发展体现了对公民基本权利保护的加强，有利于实现社会公平。
人类具有天然的公正情感，在相互交往的过程中维护公认的公正状态是社会正常发展的基本前提。当人类选择了法律作为解决双方争议的一种手段时，程序的公正性成了人们关注的一个焦点，程序公正是人们在设计解决权益冲突制度时的首选法律价值。程序公正的第一要义是，程序的操纵者与程序的结果应当没有任何利害关系，否则，程序的操纵者可能会利用自己在程序中的优势地位，促使程序的结果向有利于操纵者方向发展。如果法律程序的主持人与程序结果有利害关系，则人们不会以公正的心态去认同该法律程序的结果。所以，凡涉嫌于有违公正的程序操纵者不得再介入此程序，不得对该程序的发展施加任何影响。
美国行政法官的独立化过程就是典型代表。1946年制定的《联邦行政程序法》规定，各行政机构根据各行政裁判的需要委任“听证官”（hearing examiner）。听证官轮流审案，不得履行与行政裁判不相干的职责，非有正当理由并经过文官委员会审议决定，听证官不得被免职。后来，文官委员会进一步解释，《联邦行政程序法》的保护不仅适应于听证官的免职，还适用于对听证官的降级、停职或听证官不自愿的其他地位变更。这样，听证官主持行政裁决就可以不完全受行政首长意志决定。到1972年，文官委员会又颁布一项规章，将听证官这一名称改为“行政法官”（administrative law judge），使之具有更高的独立地位。1978年，美国国会修改《联邦行政程序法》，正式在法律上确立了行政法官的地位，规定行政法官的职责是专门审理案件，非有文官功绩制委员会的政党理由和经过其审议决定，行政法官不得被免职、停职、降级、降薪或临时解雇；而且，行政法官的薪俸由法律规定，行政首长不得任意变更。这样，行政法官就可以独立地、不偏不倚地行使自己的裁决权。从hearing examiner到administrative law judge，标志着行政法官独立性和公正性的增强，也标志着美国“行政复议制度”公正性的增加。
英国的公民宪章也要求公共机构必须“永远为公众所周知的、易于利用的申诉程序，在任何可能之处能够提供独立的复审”。申诉程序应尊循易接近、简便、快捷、公平、可信赖等七项原则。其中，“易接近”指规则为公众所周知；“简便”指抑郁理解和利用；“快捷”指为各项活动舍得时间限制，并使参与者能够一直知晓程序的进展状况；“公平”指进行全面的、无偏私的审查；“可信赖”指能够获得申诉机构成员和申诉人的信赖。
澳大利亚行政审查委员会认为，行政机关应寻求有效方法博爱正行政复议官员在组织上与做出原决定的人相分离。这种组织上的分离有助于加强复议官员的这样一种观念：它们的角色就是对远决定进行全新的考量。如果复议官员与原决定者之间存在密切的联系，则复议官员很可能会丧失有效执行复议职能所必须的客观性。显然，组织分离的程度会影响人们对行政复议体制的看法，并影响其是否可以确实发挥作为成本高昂的外部复审程序的过滤器的功能。“覆盖外表显得的是公正的，并且呈现看来是公平的，则很可能得到公平、公正的结论。同样，外表影响共同体对于那些代表共同体形式权力的人所作决定的信心。”也只有在这种独立性的基础上，行政复议的“规范化效应”（normative effects），即通过行政复议发现行政管理中的问题从而能够对症下药地加以改善，进一步增强行政决策的效率和准确性，才能得到实现。
澳大利亚行政审查委员会所建议增强行政复议独立性的方法有：行政复议官员不与原决定者在同一个处所办公，不让行政复议官员作与最初决定者属于同一个工作小组或者手同一个主观的监督，让复议官员的薪水由该组织中的一个独立分支来支付。行政机关应进可能避免监督者与复议官员这两个角色的混淆，行政复议职能最好不要对最初决定者直接进行日常监督的人承担，复议官员也不应被期望承担日常的监督职能。
二、 现行复议体制阻碍公正性
从1999年到2001年，全国行政复议机关作出维持决定的比例竟一直稳居50%以上，这使我们对行政复议的公正性产生怀疑。由此产生的结果是行政诉讼案件的增多和信访在民间的推崇。民众宁愿选择行政诉讼这一“迫不得已”的救济方式，甚至格外钟情于信访这一多少带点“清官”、“人治”色彩的制度，而偏偏就不愿意选择既经济又便利，既彻底又快捷的纠纷解决方式——行政复议，毋庸质疑，公正性的确实是当前行政复议制度实践中的最大隐忧。
实践证明：纠纷解决的公正性与纠纷解决机构自身的独立性和权威性是休戚相关的。很难想象一个依附于其他机关、唯其命令是从的裁决者能够公正地解决纠纷。在我国现实生活中，尽管由行政系统内部专门从事法制工作的机构来办理行政复议案件，但这一机构充其量也不过是隶属于行政复议机关的一个极为普通的内设机构而已。它不但没有独立的法律上的人格，需要完全听命于、服从于其所属的行政机关及其首长，而且对行政复议案件也没有最终的决定权，职能将其处理建议送交行政复议机关的首长进行审批。例如一个市级人民政府所办理的行政复议案件大致就需要经历“经办人——分管副处长——处长——法制办分管副主任——法制办主任——分管副秘书长——秘书长——市长的过程。更重要的是，在我国现实的政治生活中，行政复议机关作为被申请人的上级——无论是同级人民政府还是上级主管部门，本身就与被申请人有着“说不清，道不明”的关系：行政复议机关需要照顾到上下级或者整体与部门的关系，需要“爱护”、“关怀”下级，体谅下级的难处；下级为了表示对上级的尊重，往往在作出某项决定前都要向上级请示汇报，在得到明确许可或默许之后才“放心大胆”地作出决定；上级时常向下级发指示、加任务，为了完成指标，下级不得不“突击执法”甚至公然违法。可见，在行政复议机关与纠纷一方当事人的被申请人已经存在很多利害关系的背景之下，再让一个隶属于行政复议机关的内设机构去审理复议案件，且最终仍然由行政复议机关作出复议决定，这种纠纷解决的过程怎能体现最起码的公正？因此，复议机构独立性和权威性的缺乏是造成行政复议制度失信于民的首要体制性原因。
事实已表明，由行政复议机关内部负责法制工作的机构处理复议案件根本就无法保障复议结果的公正性。因此，必须在整合现有各种行政复议机构的基础上，建立隶属于各级人民政府但又具有相对独立性的行政复议委员会。具体的设想是：（1）在全国范围内形成四级，分工如下：对县级人民政府各工作部门、乡（镇）级人民政府及县级人民政府的派出机关作出的具体行政行为不服申请复议的，由县级人民政府设立的行政复议委员会管辖；对市级人民政府各工作部门和县级人民政府作出的具体行政行为不服申请复议的，由市级人民政府设立的行政复议委员会管辖；对省级人民政府的各工作部门、市级人民政府及省级人民政府的派出机关作出的具体行政行为不服申请复议的，由省级人民政府设立的行政复议委员会管辖；对国务院各部门和省级人民政府作出的具体行政行为不服申请复议的，由国务院设立的行政复议委员会管辖。实行垂直领导的行政机关，由市级以上政府设立的复议委员会解决争议。⑵上下级复议委员会之间不是领导关系，而是业务指导关系。每级复议委员会依法独立行使复议权，并采用一级制。对下级复议委员会作出的复议决定不服，应直接向法院提起诉讼。这就避免了“行政系统内部官官相互”。⑶应使复议委员会的级别比同级政府各部门高半级，使后者有义务接受前者监督，听从其指挥，并自觉履行前者裁判的义务。⑷各行政复议委员会的人员管理、职务晋升、福利待遇、业务培训、业绩考核与所在政府无关，由各级行政复议委员会掌握。行政复议经费必须单独列入各级财政预算，专款专用，不得被挤占或挪用。⑸处理复议案件时，实行民主合议制，确保行政复议决定的公正。
三、 结语
以公正为导向，我国许多行政法学专家都对行政复议体制提出了自己的意见。如建议设立行政复议听证制度、回避制度、双方当事人质辩制度、复议案件材料公开制度及告知诉讼权利制度等。这些理性的设计是建立在“完美的正义需求完美的程序”这一理念基础之上的。殊不知，“理性是灰暗时间中微弱的烛光，它绝无能力照亮整个宇宙，但是只要使用得当，就足以使人绕过深渊。把理性的烛光当作照亮宇宙的太阳是空想，把理性的烛光当作是昆虫身上的荧火，因其微弱而任意蹋灭，则是残忍。所以，不恰当地对待人的理性能力，或夸大或贬低，都将殊途同归与对人的理性的泯灭和对人的专制。”（刘军宁《保守主义》，中国社会科学出版社1998年版，第46页）同样，如果不能正确对待程序正义的价值，夸大程序的价值，也会导致程序价值的毁灭。行政程序的过分肥大化，不仅会降低行政效率，增加社会成本，导致相关社会关系不确定，而且最终会伤及行政程序本身的价值。（姜明安《行政执法研究》，北京大学出版社第206-208页）建议考虑将当事人程序选择权之法理导入复议程序构造之中。即行政复议程序中设置简易程序和普通程序，由当事人进行选择适用，而且普遍程序中的程序规定应考虑当事人的选择权（前揭《行政执法研究》，第210页）这样，一方面能保障制度设计符合人权要求，又能最大限度到达到公正。

作者系中南财经政法大学法学院学生